之前我写过关于“破折号”的文章,本以为会是一个小话题,后来发现,关于“破折号”的内容确实很多。所以,我想再一次继续这个话题,重点是“当句子中断时,如何决定用哪种标点符号”。
先从最基本的观点开始:句子中断。什么时候和怎样打断句子?断句是一个例外,所以不能过度使用。不过,确实有时我们需要在句子中添加额外的信息。考虑一下下面的三个 essay写作范例。
范例:
Academic publishing(an activity that can be difficult for new scholars)is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
Academic publishing,an activity that can be difficult for new scholars,is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
Academic publishing—an activity that can be difficult for new scholars—is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
以上哪一种您更喜欢?十之八九是第二种方法,这种特殊的中断方式最好用逗号。在句子中用逗号是最不突出的方法;括号告诉读者某些内容并不重要,也不值得放入句子中;而折号则让读者注意内容。对于这种情况,应使用逗号处理,因为必须提及焦点,而不必特别强调。这里有一些不重要句子中断的例子(例如:科技信息,日期,术语澄清)。
范例:
The computer(a Dell Inspiron 1525)was put inside a case and was then used to measure impact frequencies.
Thomas Edison(February 11,1847–October 18,1931)was an American inventor and businessman.
Evaluations were conducted in elementary schools(kindergarten through grade six)and junior high schools(grades seven through nine).
上面的每一个例子中,括号似乎是最好的选择;事实上,在这种情况下使用逗号将要求我们使用额外的词语,并会吸引读者的注意到那些实用而乏味的信息。但是,下面是一些使用括号不明确的例子。
范例:
Papers that are rejected(due to either poor English or incomplete research)do not receive a second peer review.
Passive voice errors(among other grammar mistakes)were among the mistakes the reviewers mentioned.
其中最常见的错误是包含了不恰当或含糊的语句(例如:过多的试探性文字或道歉的双引号)和代名词错误(如:含糊不清和缺少先行词)。在这种情况下,澳洲代写会建议不要在这种情况下使用括号,因为括号中包含了信息,通常表示无关紧要,因此误用括号会错误地引导读者判断资讯的重要性。两个例子中,我认为用逗号比用括号更合适。我们再回到破折号上来。就像我们在以前的电子报中看到的那样,“破折号”表示某些内容值得读者特别关注。
范例:
The issues that prevent doctoral students from writing—most importantly,their lack of familiarity with academic vocabularies—are a serious concern for advising professors.
此外,我们还了解到,在这种情况下,当逗号使句子变得更复杂时,我们应该用破折号来打断句子,虽然中间插入的内容不太值得注意。考虑一下下面两个例子。
范例:
Since editors are dependent on domain knowledge,generally collected from style guides,experts,and researchers,the development of domain editing guidelines should involve careful research.
Since editors are dependent on domain knowledge—generally collected from style guides,experts,and researchers—the development of domain editing guidelines should involve careful research.
依我看,第二句话更好读。但是,在强调的时候,破折号的用处还是很清楚的。不管你的使用习惯如何,很重要的是要找到平衡;在某些情况下,我会用“破折号”来解决这种问题。
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